Antibiotic use was very high in hospitalised COVID-19 patients in the UK during the first wave despite confirmed bacterial infection being uncommon.
The very high use of antibiotics in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 is often not necessary, and risks worsening global antimicrobial resistance, say the authors led by researchers from the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.
They followed patients as part of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) World Health Organization Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) study. The study was funded through the COVID-19 rapid response by:
- the Medical Research Council (MRC)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).
The study, published in The Lancet Microbe, found that:
- overall 85% of COVID-19 patients received one or more antibiotics during their hospital admission, with the highest use in critical care
- 37% of patients were prescribed antibiotics prior to admission.
Broad spectrum antibiotics
There was high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, those active against a very wide range of bacteria, and evidence that this could be reduced by using more targeted but equally appropriate alternatives.
Importantly, confirmed bacterial infections in people with COVID-19 were uncommon, especially when first admitted to hospital, so a more restrictive approach to using antibiotics would be safe and should be encouraged.
Most of the bacteria identified represented secondary infections that began more than 48 hours from admission.
Researchers also found that secondary infections occurring after hospitalisation were not specific to COVID-19 infection and more in keeping with hospital-associated infections. Particularly those infections typically seen in intensive care units. These findings will help to inform most appropriate approach to antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19 suspected of having a bacterial infection.
Co-infections
Although co-infections were rarely observed during the first wave of the pandemic, there remains a need to monitor hospitalised patients considering increased use of steroids and other COVID-19 treatments. These may increase susceptibility to bacterial infection.
However, the researchers argue that over-prescription of antibiotics and particularly broad-spectrum antibiotics in the majority of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 raises significant concern regarding the potential detrimental impact on antimicrobial resistance globally.
The importance of efforts to safely reduce and control antibiotic prescribing in COVID-19 should not be underestimated.
Dr Antonia Ho, lead author of the study from the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, said:
Until now, a detailed understanding of the nature of bacterial co-infections identified in patients with COVID-19, and the frequency and types of antibiotics these patients have been prescribed has been lacking. This study demonstrates the very high antibiotic use we see in hospitalised COVID-19 patients may not be necessary, indeed it may contribute to antimicrobial resistance.
While some COVID-19 patients will require antibiotics, mostly for secondary infections which develop after admission to hospital, our data shows that not all COVID-19 patients should be prescribed antibiotics.
The longer someone is in hospital, particularly if they are in critical care, the more vulnerable they are to develop secondary infections, and these should continue to be monitored. However, the bugs we identified are similar to those found in patients with hospital-acquired infection, and not specific to COVID-19.
Preventing antimicrobial resistance
Dr. Clark Russell, a Clinical Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, said:
Bacterial chest and bloodstream infections are uncommon complications of COVID-19. This work identifies which bacteria tend to cause these infections when they do occur, helping clinicians to make a more informed choice about the best antibiotics to give people when needed.
Prof Calum Semple, Co-Lead of the study, said:
We only have safe surgery and medical cures for many life threatening conditions because antibiotics were discovered and mostly still work. Overuse of antibiotics needs to be avoided to prevent emergence of resistance. When the current threat from COVID-19 subsides, the problem of antimicrobial resistance will remain a threat.
Dr Jessica Boname, Head of Antimicrobial Resistance at the MRC, said:
Clinicians should be reassured by these findings, showing that prescribing antibiotics won’t benefit the majority of patients who have COVID-19. Prescribing unneeded antibiotics contributes to bacteria developing resistance to these drugs. We need to keep antibiotics effective, because they underpin much of life-saving modern medicine and surgery.
This study highlights the importance of investing in coordinated clinical research when faced with a new disease to rapidly determine critical information, such as which treatments help patients, and which don’t.
Bacterial co-infections and secondary infections are commonly identified in severe influenza (up to a quarter of cases) and other severe respiratory viral infections, where they are also associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
Guidelines
Current national and international COVID-19 guidelines vary in their recommendations on non-targeted antibiotic use. UK guidelines advise against antibiotic use when the respiratory tract infection is thought to be due to COVID-19, without specific evidence of bacterial infection.
The research was funded by:
- MRC
- NIHR
- the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU)
- Wellcome Trust
- the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
The ISARIC CCP-UK study is conducted in collaboration with:
- the University of Edinburgh
- the University of Liverpool
- Imperial College London.
It is an ongoing prospective cohort study recruiting inpatients in 260 hospitals in England, Scotland, and Wales.
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