Long COVID sufferers have experienced a wider set of symptoms than previously thought including hair loss and sexual dysfunction, new research has found.
The study has been published in Nature Medicine.
It found that patients with a primary care record of infection with the virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus) reported 62 symptoms much more frequently 12 weeks after initial infection.
This is compared to patients who hadn’t contracted the virus.
Analysing 2.4 million health records
Anonymised electronic health records of 2.4 million people in the UK were analysed by researchers from the University of Birmingham alongside a team of clinicians and researchers across England.
The research was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research and UK Research and Innovation.
The data, taken between January 2020 and April 2021, comprised of:
- 486,149 people with prior infection
- nine million people with no indication of coronavirus infection after matching for other clinical diagnoses.
Three categories of symptoms
Using only non-hospitalised patients, the team of researchers were able to identify three categories of distinct symptoms reported by people with persistent health problems after infection.
Patterns of symptoms tended to be grouped into:
- respiratory symptoms
- mental health and cognitive problems
- a broader range of symptoms.
While the most common symptoms include anosmia (loss of sense of smell), shortness of breath, chest pain and fever, others include:
- amnesia
- apraxia (inability to perform familiar movements or commands)
- bowel incontinence
- erectile dysfunction
- hallucinations
- limb swelling.
Improving patient assessment
Dr Shamil Haroon, Associate Clinical Professor in Public Health at the University of Birmingham is the senior author on the study. Dr Haroon said:
This research validates what patients have been telling clinicians and policy makers throughout the pandemic, that the symptoms of long COVID are extremely broad and cannot be fully accounted for by other factors such as lifestyle risk factors or chronic health conditions.
The symptoms we identified should help clinicians and clinical guideline developers to improve the assessment of patients with long-term effects from COVID-19, and to subsequently consider how this symptom burden can be best managed.
Understanding complexity and pathology of long COVID
Patient partner and co-author of this study Jennifer Camaradou said:
This study is instrumental in creating and adding further value to understanding the complexity and pathology of long COVID.
It highlights the degree and diversity of expression of symptoms between different clusters.
Patients with pre-existing health conditions will also welcome the additional analysis on risk factors.
Several other patient partners involved in the therapies for long COVID (TLC) study have expressed their views on living with long COVID.
Key demographic groups and behaviours
As well as identifying a wider set of symptoms, the research team also found key demographic groups and behaviours that put people at increased risk of developing long COVID.
The study suggests that those at greater risk of developing long COVID are:
- females
- younger people
- people belonging to black, mixed or other ethnic groups.
In addition, the following were also associated with reporting persistent symptoms:
- people from low socioeconomic backgrounds
- smokers
- people who are overweight or obese
- the presence of a wide range of health conditions were.
Analysing risk factors
Anuradhaa Subramanian, Research Fellow at the Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham and lead author of the paper said:
Our data analyses of risk factors are of particular interest because it helps us to consider what could potentially be causing or contributing to long COVID.
We already know that certain modifiable traits such as smoking and obesity put people at increased risk of various diseases and conditions, including long COVID.
However, others such as biological sex and ethnicity also appear to be important.
Women are for example more likely to experience autoimmune diseases.
Seeing the increased likelihood of women having long COVID in our study increases our interest in investigating whether autoimmunity or other causes may explain the increased risk in women.
These observations will help to further narrow the focus on factors to investigate what may be causing these persistent symptoms after an infection, and how we can help patients who are experiencing them.
Unique point in the global pandemic
Patient records for 2.3 million people enabled the research team to capture post SARS-CoV-2 infections at a unique point in the global pandemic.
The study focuses on the first phase of the pandemic in the UK between January 2020 and April 2021.
It provided the team with an opportunity to compare meaningful numbers of people who had coronavirus infections alongside a control group of uninfected people.
The interdisciplinary team involved:
- epidemiologists
- clinicians
- data scientists
- statisticians
- patients.
The team decoded electronic health records to accurately capture persistent symptoms experienced after infection.
Power of collaborative work
Dr Shamil Haroon said:
The results are both a testament to the opportunities that these public health datasets provide, and to the power of collaborative work to provide much needed evidence around the experiences of many people who have been affected by persistent symptoms after infection with the coronavirus.
I hope our research will also further validate the voices of patients and involvement groups and provide an approach to support healthcare responses to new and emerging diseases.
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